To engage with the large literature on the economic effects of slavery, we use antebellum census data to test for statistical differences at the 1860 free-slave border. We find evidence of lower population density, less intensive land use, and lower farm values on the slave side. Half of the...

"In Beyond Constraint, Shona N. Jackson offers a new approach to labour and its analysis by demonstrating the fundamental relation between Black and Indigenous People's sovereign, free, and coerced labour in the Americas. Through the writings of Cedric Robinson, Walter Rodney, C. L. R. James,...

1. Empirical Trends of Human Mobility—Ancient to Modern Periods -- 2. Cross-Border Labor Mobility— Cross-Disciplinary Theoretical Expositions -- 3. Slavery in the New World—the Saga of the Amerindians -- 4. Slavery in the New World—the Saga of Black Africans -- 5. Indentured...

"The Confederate States of America was born in defense of slavery and, after a four-year struggle to become an independent slaveholding republic, died as emancipation dawned. Between Fort Sumter to Appomattox, Confederates bought and sold thousands African American men, women, and children....