Colombia's post-pandemic recovery in 2021-2022 was marked by rapid consumer credit growth, followed by deteriorating credit quality indicators amid tightening financial conditions. In January 2023, the Superintendence of Finance of Colombia (SFC) introduced higher provisioning requirements for...

This paper examines the determinants of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) wallet usage and evaluates the impact of a retail CBDC pilot implemented by the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP) in regions with low levels of financial inclusion. As of August 2025, the pilot reached approximately...

This study investigates how digital transformation influences the performance and competitiveness of container ports in Southeast Asia. A Digital Transformation Index was developed to measure the digital maturity of ten major ports across four dimensions: smart infrastructure, integration,...