Cross-border payments are changing: existing intermediaries are upgrading their networks and new platforms based on novel digital forms of money are being explored, even as geoeconomic fragmentation is introducing new frictions. We develop a stylized model to assess the potential implications...

The Covid-19 pandemic, in Canada and around the world, accelerated trends toward non-cash payments. In this paper, we assess the impact of high-frequency fluctuations in the severity of the pandemic on payment behaviour. These fluctuations are measured by daily changes in restrictions...

Companies' payment practices are often opaque, with little data available on the payment behaviour of EU businesses. The inclusion of payment practices in the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) is expected to bring more transparency to payment performance, potentially improving...

Companies' payment practices are often opaque, with little data available on the payment behaviour of EU businesses. The inclusion of payment practices in the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) is expected to bring more transparency to payment performance, potentially improving...

What lessons emerge from payment resilience in Fragile and Conflict-affected States (FCS) and how could they be applied to CBDC? This chapter explores how FCS can strengthen the resilience of their payment ecosystems to withstand disruptions arising from conflict, natural disasters, or...

The main objective of this report is to provide the European Commission with additional information on PFES in EU MS and on the role of these schemes in driving sustainable forest management practices. Building on the Commission guidance on PFES, alongside a literature review and case...