This paper introduces the FinOpen index, a novel measure of capital flow management for 193 countries from 1996 to 2022. Using information from the IMF’s Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions (AREAER), the index is constructed by estimating the level of openness...

China's economic growth model has posed challenges to quantifying ecosystem services, which are often overlooked in development planning. Payments for ecosystem services system (PESS) convert ecosystem value into economic value through various methods. A key question is whether PESS...

Prior studies assessing welfare across countries have utilised measures that combine country-level outcomes in income and life expectancy. However, this perspective remains blind to the fact that two countries may have the same life expectancy and/or average income but very different underlying...

This paper makes the case for measuring economic activity in real time in a middle-income setting using indicators alternative to the standard System of National Accounts measure of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP remains indispensable, yet its limits as a welfare proxy are amplified where...

This paper makes the case for measuring economic activity in real time in a middle-income setting using indicators alternative to the standard System of National Accounts measure of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP remains indispensable, yet its limits as a welfare proxy are amplified where...