Multinational enterprises (MNEs) often collaborate with local agents to establish initial distribution channels due to their need for market-specific knowledge and experience. As the market matures and upstream suppliers and production plans are solidified, MNEs may transition to developing...

This study examines a scenario where a manufacturer owns one retailer and collaborates with an independent retailer to sell a single product with Poisson demand over a multi-period selling horizon. The manufacturer protects the independent retailer's profitability through price protection and...