Increasing intersectoral competition for limited freshwater, poverty and WASH gaps, and escalating climate risks challenge water resource planning. Symptoms include scarcity, unreliable access, declining quality, groundwater overdraft, and ecosystem degradation, all intensified by climate...

Despite rising educational attainment, women's employment rates have declined in Egypt, falling to just 15% as of 2023. This chapter explores the determinants of declining female employment rates in Egypt. The research considers demand side factors, including potential discrimination and the...

Despite rising educational attainment, women's employment rates have declined in Egypt, falling to just 15% as of 2023. This chapter explores the determinants of declining female employment rates in Egypt. The research considers demand side factors, including potential discrimination and the...

We construct an international panel data set comprising three distinct yet plausible measures of government indebtedness: the debt-to-GDP, the interest-to-GDP, and the debt-to-equity ratios. Our analysis reveals that these measures yield differing conclusions about recent trends in government...

As electricity systems undergo rapid decentralization and decarbonization, ensuring resilience to increasingly complex and high-impact disruptions has become a strategic imperative. However, current approaches to resilience measurement remain fragmented, inconsistent, and poorly aligned with the...

Shipbuilding underpins competitiveness, economic security, and higher energy efficiency. Yet across major shipbuilding economies, industrial policy decisions are frequently taken with incomplete, inconsistent, or poorly aligned evidence. Four structural data challenges stand out: inconsistent...