This Note describes methods for estimating potential fiscal savings across five spending categories—the wage bill, pension payments, capital spending, purchases of goods and services, and social protection spending. The primary methodology compares a country’s spending levels to specific...

The purpose of this note is to help mainstream fiscal multipliers in PFRs. It aims to provide guidance for estimating fiscal multipliers in developing countries by leveraging the World Bank’s macroeconomic and fiscal model (MFMod) to generate country-specific estimates. While other methods are...

Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs may expand treatment access but also risks promoting overuse and business stealing without generating welfare gains. Among developed nations, only the United States and New Zealand permit DTCA, whereas detailing - promotion aimed at...

We present a micro-founded monetary model of the world economy to study international currency competition. Our model features "unipolar" equilibria, with a single dominant international currency, and "multipolar" equilibria, in which multiple currencies circulate internationally. Long-run...

Introduction -- Part I: Innovation, Creativity and Aesthetics -- Levels-Of-Abstraction Reconceptualisation as a Method for Ethical and Strategic Innovation in Philosophical Consulting: A Case Study in (Re)Insurance, Parametric Agricultural Risk, and Human Development -- Decisive Philosophy: The...