This report aims at providing policy makers with evidence to assess the effectiveness of the existing EU cybersecurity framework specifically through data on how the NIS Directive has influenced cybersecurity investments and overall maturity of organisations in scope. As 2024 is the year of the...

Reactive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollution in Germany is mainly caused by production of cattle meat and milk, which is mostly consumed domestically. This pollution comes at a high external costs not yet addressed by current policies. We explore scenarios where reduced domestic cattle...

Reactive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollution in Germany is mainly caused by production of cattle meat and milk, which is mostly consumed domestically. This pollution comes at a high external costs not yet addressed by current policies. We explore scenarios where reduced domestic cattle...

The purpose of the essay is to understand the monetary working of various commodity standards, both historical and conceptual: common building brick, monometallic, bimetallic, symmetallic and commodity basket. We distinguish between the stocks market (money) and the flows market (commodity), and...