We develop a model to perform a cost-benefit analysis of bus fare subsidies under financial constraints that preclude the purchase of additional buses. Our model considers users' costs in the provision of bus services and the lack of road pricing to internalize urban transport externalities in a...

Background The outbreak of COVID-19 posed significant health and economic challenges worldwide, prompting governments to implement various containment measures, including quarantine policies. This study examines the cost-benefit analysis of Iran's quarantine policy during the pandemic,...