Stock estimates of missing women suggest that excess female deaths are concentrated in South and East Asia and among young children. In contrast, flow estimates suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger than previously estimated using stock measures, is as severe among adults as it is...

Most poverty calculations use income-based or consumption-based measures. We introduce a new, third measure of poverty status which is based on household expenditure. Expenditure is the theoretically correct measure of resources actually transferred into a given period in the life cycle. But the...

Number systems are shared social technologies. They are heterogeneous, differing along dimensions of modality, base, and marking. These characteristics impart differential advantages depending on purpose and context, which explains why most cultures employ multiple number systems simultaneously....

The transmission channels of stabilizing fiscal policy remain partially unexplored, which presents a challenge for the effective management of economic policy. Using a broad dataset and vector autoregression methodology, this paper examines the relationship between selected structural...