When the United States froze the reserves of the Russian Central Bank following Moscow's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, it raised concerns in China. Previously, Washington had used the dollar as a weapon against countries such as Iran, Venezuela, and Cuba. This “weaponization” of the...

This chapter analyzes the geopolitical and economic implications of China's critical mineral and electric vehicle (EV) exports to the United States and Brazil amidst rising tariffs. Critical minerals are essential for the global green energy transition, particularly for EV batteries and...

With the proposed carbon-neutrality targets, intermittent renewable energy will become increasingly significant for the power sector in the future. It is vital to study its development paths, particularly for wind power and photovoltaics, while considering constraints on diffusion potential....

Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical for Europe's economic competitiveness, green transition, and national security. Yet the EU remains heavily dependent on China for their supply, particularly in refining and processing. This paper examines Europe's vulnerability to supply disruptions and...

Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical for Europe's economic competitiveness, green transition, and national security. Yet the EU remains heavily dependent on China for their supply, particularly in refining and processing. This paper examines Europe's vulnerability to supply disruptions and...