Europe does not suffer from a lack of tax instruments - it suffers from too many. Over the past decade, new layers of corporate, digital, and global tax rules have been added to an already complex system, often delivering limited revenues while increasing legal uncertainty, compliance costs, and...

This paper develops a tractable framework in which heterogeneity, captured by the distribution of agent characteristics within an alternative (sector, location, or occupation), emerges endogenously in equilibrium through selection rather than being imposed exogenously. I show that widely used...

Business upgrading programs in developing economies often generate substantial gains for male entrepreneurs but limited average impacts for women, raising concerns about both efficiency and equity. This study develops a Program Readiness Scorecard (PRS)—a transparent, scalable tool based on 10...

Health insurance is widely promoted as a key instrument for household financial risk protection. However, its association in mitigating the financial consequences of large, stochastic shocks such as road traffic accidents and injuries (RTAIs) remains insufficiently understood. This paper...