Banditry in northwest Nigeria has emerged as a pervasive security challenge, yet remains overshadowed by the focus on jihadist violence in the region. This report examines the evolution of banditry as a decentralised and dynamic phenomenon, encompassing cattle rustling, kidnapping for ransom,...

This study presents a novel complexity-based framework to analyse fragmentation in the EU's R&I system, highlighting hub connectivity as a critical factor. Drawing on extensive patent and publication data (2000-2023), it finds that European hubs are significantly less interconnected than their...