This document is part of a set of guidance and specification materials that have been developed to support card issuers in the implementation of the ESC. More information on the guidance materials can be found in Annex I: Other documents of interest. To support technical administrators in...

The Joint Research Centre of the European Commission organised a proficiency test (PT) on the measurements of natural radioactivity (U-238, Ra-226, Pb-210, Th-232, Ra-228, Th-228 and K-40) in two building materials. The 105 registered laboratories were requested to submit measurement results...

This Paper analyses the results of the trading data in 2024 for the European traded gas hubs, to give a fuller picture of the recovery after the very turbulent period from 2020 to 2022, where the various hubs now stand and, more importantly, to establish whether the Dutch TTF can now credibly be...

This Paper analyses the results of the trading data in 2024 for the European traded gas hubs, to give a fuller picture of the recovery after the very turbulent period from 2020 to 2022, where the various hubs now stand and, more importantly, to establish whether the Dutch TTF can now credibly be...

The 8th Environment Action Programme (EAP) is the EU's legally agreed, overarching framework for action on EU environmental policy until 2030. The programme includes a long-term priority objective of living well within planetary boundaries by 2050 at the latest. It also sets out six thematic...

In this chapter, an investigation was conducted into the European Union (EU), home care services, organization, and scope of home care in European Union countries. In the 21st century, increasing life expectancy and decreasing fertility rates have led to demographic change in the EU. This has...

Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the European Union has rallied to Kyiv's support, mobilising large sums to enable Kyiv to fight back. However, unlike previous crisis situations, when new powers were transferred to the EU level and the outcome was institutional deepening, the...