In 2021 and particularly in 2022, gas prices rose sharply in Europe due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the previous throttling of Russian gas supply to Western Europe. Because of the merit-order system, this also led to an increase in electricity prices in Austria and in many other EU...

This paper estimates the effect of electricity prices on firm performance, focusing on firm productivity, sales, and employment. Using the World Bank Business Pulse Survey data for a sample of 24 emerging markets and developing economies during 2019-23, the paper estimates the average effect and...

North America is an energy powerhouse with vast reserves of oil, natural gas, and critical minerals, and substantial potential to generate electricity. Canada, the United States and Mexico have the potential to become a formidable “energy bloc.” In theory, at least. In practice, economic,...

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: The Trouble with Distribution Theory -- Chapter 3: The Energy Organization Approach to Understanding Material Processes -- Chapter 4: Energy Rents and Distribution -- Chapter 5: Energy Rents in Historical Perspective -- Chapter 6: Automation and...