Artificial intelligence, which is quickly helping us solve several complex problems, is centered on neural networks. This chapter gives a detailed introduction to the foundational concepts of neural networks, from perceptrons and activation functions to multilayer architectures. How networks...

"This book focuses on the income taxation of individuals. Most income tax laws that apply to individuals apply in the same manner to entities such as corporations, partnerships, and trusts. So, this book is a survey of the fundamentals of income taxation that applies to all taxpayers, but we...

Coal is declining in the U.S. as part of the clean energy transition, resulting in remarkable air pollution benefits for the American public and significant costs for the industry. Using the AP3 integrated assessment model, we estimate that fewer emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and...

We provide the first global, long-run analysis of how governments fund and de-fund military spending. Constructing a panel of 167 countries from 1817 to 2024, we estimate fiscal responses to armaments and disarmaments, including wartime shifts. Deficit spending is the primary financing policy,...

We provide the first global, long-run analysis of how governments fund and de-fund military spending. Constructing a panel of 167 countries from 1817 to 2024, we estimate fiscal responses to armaments and disarmaments, including wartime shifts. Deficit spending is the primary financing policy,...

This report assesses how results-based and action-based funding approaches should be used to promote climate-friendly soil management in Europe to deliver climate mitigation and support the agriculture sector’s transition to a net-zero future. We identify considerable potential but also...