The motivations and benefits of issuing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) are well known but the challenges faced by central banks in developing and issuing a CBDC have received less attention. To fill this gap, this article provides a succinct understanding of how politics hinder CBDC...

The aging of the population in European countries is causing structural shifts in consumption patterns. Declining fertility rates and rising life expectancy are transforming not only total consumption levels but also the sectoral composition of demand across countries. Household expenditure data...