Two key transformations are impacting competitiveness in shipbuilding, a strategic sector for multiple OECD countries: New digital technologies and a shift towards the production and operation of more energy-efficient ships have created new opportunities and risks. Strategic and evidence-driven...

This paper quantifies the size of the main industrial policy instruments in China and estimates their impact on domestic factor misallocation and aggregate productivity. The quantification of industrial policy instruments leverages data from financial reports of listed firms and the land...

A key challenge facing the UK is to increase growth, which has slowed down markedly since the Global Financial Crisis. As part of the government’s approach to this challenge, a new industrial strategy was published in June 2025. This paper discusses how to get the implementation of UK...

"The WTO is going through an unprecedented crisis that has seriously eroded its relevance. The repeated invocations of national security against other members are evidence of a growing distrust. Industrial policy in the name of national security was unheard of when the WTO entered the realm of...