This study evaluates the reforms proposed by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health for the earnings-related pension system in the 2025 legislative proposal. The proposed reform would allow private-sector pension institutions to take on greater investment risk. According to Etla's assessment,...

This report examines the benefits of different types of taxes in relation to their adverse effects, using a modeling framework and the international economic research literature. The basis for the study is literature on the causal effects of different tax types on their respective tax bases....

In this centenary year of the birth of one of Europe's great visionaries, Jacques Delors, it is fitting to recall his words to the European Parliament in 1989: 'Europe's diversity makes it prodigiously rich. This diversity must be preserved, so that it can bear fruit for the common good.' At a...

In this centenary year of the birth of one of Europe's great visionaries, Jacques Delors, it is fitting to recall his words to the European Parliament in 1989: 'Europe's diversity makes it prodigiously rich. This diversity must be preserved, so that it can bear fruit for the common good.' At a...

In this centenary year of the birth of one of Europe's great visionaries, Jacques Delors, it is fitting to recall his words to the European Parliament in 1989: 'Europe's diversity makes it prodigiously rich. This diversity must be preserved, so that it can bear fruit for the common good.' At a...

The chronic fiscal deficits of Finland and the continuous increase of the public debt-to-GDP ratio are likely to require further fiscal consolidation through cuts of public expenditure and increases of taxation. Although contractionary fiscal consolidation measures reduce the level of GDP in the...