A significant reallocation of labour towards "green" jobs will be crucial for the transition to a decarbonised economy. Skills mismatches challenge the feasibility of this reallocation, particularly with many developed countries also facing substantial labour shortages. This paper analyses the...

To identify the households most affected by a carbon tax I set up a multi-sector model with putty-clay technology. A $100-per-ton carbon tax cuts emissions by 25% after 5 years, but reduces output by 3% in the short run and 4% in the long run. Initially, the tax is progressive despite poorer...

We collect data on 24,000 state aid cases within the European Union to create granular measures of national environmental support and study their interactions with the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Exploiting variation in regulated installations' exposure to carbon prices and...

We study the relationship between ICT, total factor productivity and export at the firm level in Belgium, France and the Netherlands. In particular, we look at whether ICT has both a direct effect on export and an indirect effect via productivity improvements. We allow for endogeneity,...

This paper investigates the effects of digitalisation on firm-level employment and workforce composition in Belgium from 2003 to 2019, using a novel dataset that merges ICT expense data with administrative employment records. We find that digitalised firms experienced higher employment growth...

After decades of globalization, many countries are now considering various measures to reduce their dependence on third countries and to incentivize domestic production. This paper analyzes a policy toolbox encompassing trade, industrial, and public policies and their effects on the EU and its...

This paper documents a trend towards deglobalization in European-based multinational networks for the period 2010-2019. In the second half of the decade, the number of foreign contraction episodes shows an increasing trend, while the number of foreign expansions decreased substantially. Foreign...

This paper estimates how the impact of a natural disaster propagates through the production network. More precisely, we look at the excessive rainfall in the summer of 2021 that caused large areas to be severely flooded in Belgium. We first look at the direct effects on firms active in the...

Carbon markets are a central instrument to decarbonise our economies and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Within the European Union, carbon pricing to date has primarily targeted electricity generation and greenhouse gas-intensive industries, and regulatory focus has typically been...

This paper examines the impact of current and future climate transition policies on Belgian firms as they approach the 2030 milestone set by the European Green Deal. Using data from an online survey conducted with members of key Belgian employers' federations, we assess the effects on firms'...