that influence innovation by firms and their subsequent growth. Our data come from a survey of nearly 4,000 firms in 24 … and opportunities for innovation, virtually every firm that emerged from central planning was maladapted to the new … competition in market economies. We find evidence of the importance of a minimum of rivalry in both innovation and growth: the …

This paper quantifies the relationship between market size and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. We estimate … the elasticity of innovation, as measured by the number of new chemical entities appearing on the market for a given … the hypothesis that innovation in pharmaceuticals is becoming more difficult and expensive over time, as costs of …

innovation. We exploit the observed pattern of contributions - the 'revealed preference' of developers - to infer the underlying …