or output of a knowledge production function. We suggest that the productivity of research in patent production functions … to patentable knowledge, and development happens after the initial research phase that may have led to a patent. Instead … of using data on R&D, we separate the knowledge creating process into 'R' and 'D'. This data stems from R&D surveys of …

knowledge through the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research Program. Our conceptual frameworkassumes the nature of an academic …

The creation of spinoff companies is often promoted as a desirable mechanism for transferring knowledge and …