mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

aid could reduce student loan defaults without restricting prospective students' access to higher education. We examine …, market enrollment declines by just 3 percent. Finally, we provide suggestive evidence that students induced to enroll in …

traditional on-campus college programs. The Colombian context is uniquely suited to study this topic, as students take a … students in online and on-campus programs both across and within institutions, degrees, and majors. Using inverse probability … results suggest that bachelor’s degree students in online programs perform worse on nearly all test score measures (including …