the total test measurement error that can be applied when one or more cohorts of students take three or more tests in the …

of children from poorer families …

teachers resulted in average improved achievement for students in the poorest decile of schools of .03 standard deviations …

to work in schools with higher achieving students from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. Principals often use … schools with many poor or low-achieving students as stepping stones to what they view as more desirable assignments. We use …

student observations over 5 years. The results indicate that students in grade-levels with higher turnover score lower in both … ELA and math and that this effect is particularly strong in schools with more low-performing and black students. Moreover …

improves trust and social interaction, and may offer substantial consumption value to some students. We discuss various …

are able to make good decisions about whom to hire, these reforms have the potential to benefit schools and students … (certification exam scores; college competitiveness) are more likely to apply for transfer, while teachers whose students demonstrate …

internal rate of return of around 10 percent, after taking into account income taxes and earnings-related pension entitlements …

, while less effective transfers stay in lower-performing schools, likely exacerbating the differences across students in the …

outcomes for students. In this paper, we use value-added methods to examine the relationship between a school's effectiveness … systematically recruit more effective teachers; whether they assign teachers to students more effectively; whether they do a better … novice teachers to students in a more equitable fashion. Third, we find that teachers who work in schools that were more …