-achieving students. The reduction in learning time was not larger for children from lower-educated parents, but it was larger for boys … collect detailed time-use information on students before and during the school closures in a survey of 1,099 parents in … argue that low-achieving students may be particularly affected by the lack of educator support during school closures. We …

and students' cognitive and socio-emotional development. The German panel evidence shows that children's learning time …If school closures and social-distancing experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic impeded children's skill development …, they may leave a lasting legacy in human capital. To understand the pandemic's effects on school children, this paper …

. France and Flemish Belgium achieve the most equitable performance for students from different family backgrounds, and Britain …

university education for their children. The latter are more likely to underestimate returns and overestimate costs of university …

increasing the informational content of grades, central exams may improve the sorting of students by productivity. To test this …, we exploit the unique German setting where students from states with and without central exams work on the same labor …

positive effects of central exams on achievement tests, previous research on university-bound students shows no effects on … subsequent earnings. We suggest that labor-market effects may be more imminent for students leaving school directly for the labor … that central exams are indeed associated with higher earnings for students from school types directly bound for the labor …