internal rate of return of around 10 percent, after taking into account income taxes and earnings-related pension entitlements …

Advocates of a universal child care system offer a two-fold argument: Child care facilitates children's long …-run development, and levels the playing field by benefiting in particular disadvantaged children. Therefore, a critical element in …-scale, publicly subsidized child care in Norway affected the earnings distribution of exposed children as adults. We find that mean …

analyze the introduction of universal child care in Norway, addressing the impact on children's long-run outcomes. Our precise … and robust difference-in-difference estimates show that child care had strong positive effects on children's educational … attainment and labor market participation, and also reduced welfare dependency. Subsample analysis indicates that children with …