start age created by children's date of birth provides a natural experiment for estimation of the effect of age at school … can be derived for one cohort of students, to the 1980 Census, which contains educational attainment for the same cohort … of students. The results suggest that roughly 10 percent of students were constrained to stay in school by compulsory …

special-need students, groups that charter critics have argued are typically under-served. The results show overall gains of 0 ….35 standard deviations in math and 0.12 standard deviations in reading for each year spent at KIPP Lynn. LEP students, special … education students, and those with low baseline scores benefit more from time spent at KIPP than do other students, with reading …

with comprehensive schools during the 1960s and 70s. Before the reform, students would take an exam at age eleven, which …-added methodology: they compare outcomes for students passing through either type of school controlling for achievement levels at the … children only enter secondary school at age 11, these effects are likely due to selection bias. Careful choice of treatment and …

non-charter levels (that is, the average achievement level for urban non-charter students), and beyond non …