negative direct effect on mid-childhood and teenage outcomes. But as mothers' work hours increase, income will rise. We ask … whether income can compensate for the negative effect of hours by adopting a novel mediation analysis that exploits exogenous … variation in both mothers' hours and family income in pre-school years. As expected we find a negative direct effect of an …

interventions. We show that even a modest transfer of family income to families at ages 5-6 would substantially increase children …We develop a new estimator for the process of children's skill formation in which children's skills endogenously … United States, we estimate the technology of skill formation, the process of parental investments in children, and the adult …

In this paper we study the process of children's skill formation. The identification of this process is challenging … because children's skills are observed only through arbitrarily scaled and imperfect measures. Using a dynamic la- tent factor …. Moreover, we find that the marginal productivity of early investments is substantially higher for children with lower existing …

We construct a dynamic model of child development where forward-looking parents and children jointly take actions to … money investments in their child, parents also choose whether to use explicit incentives to increase the child's self …

We construct a dynamic model of child development where forward-looking parents and children jointly take actions to … money investments in their child, parents also choose whether to use explicit incentives to increase the child's self …