A range of alternative empirical definitions of informal activity have been employed in the literature. Choice of definition is often dictated by data availability. Different definitions may imply very different conceptual understandings of informality. In this paper the authors investigate the...

Wales has a chronic and severe problem of low productivity, and shares with the wider UK two decades of stagnant productivity. Significantly, Wales has a severe and persistent productivity gap with other UK nations and regions, and with other international competitors. The aim of this paper is...

The economic fall-out from the COVID-19 crisis continues to wreak serious damage in the labour market, and at the time of writing the full extent of this damage is some way from becoming apparent. One significant group of workers who have been very badly affected by the economic shock resulting...