This Annex, accompanying the study's Final Report, presents a comprehensive analysis of ecosystems. It is based on desk research and 103 interviews with different stakeholders, including EU policymakers, Member State representatives, business associations, SMEs, research organisations, and experts.

The current rapid digital transformation is characterized by an increase in the generation, use and transmission of data, and IT infrastructure, which in turn leads to an increased energy and resource consumption. Therefore in view of the EU Green Deal and related policy strategies, the digital...

Open Strategic Autonomy (OSA) is a political concept that refers to the European Union's ability to act independently in strategically important areas while seeking multilateral cooperation when possible. Initially mentioned in European Council conclusions in December 2013, OSA gained prominence...