This paper studies the persistence of a large, unexpected, and regionally very unevenly distributed population shock, the inflow of eight million ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe to West Germany after World War II. Using detailed census data from 1939 to 1970, we show that the shock had a...

Using a text-mining approach applied to task descriptions of occupations together with workerlevel administrative data, we explore the growth in the greenness of employment in Germany between 2012 and 2022. We first demonstrate that the greening of the labour market occurs both through an...

In this article, we examine how technology is associated with self-employment dynamics using worker-level data from 30 European countries. We find that, while employees exposed to labour-augmenting technologies are more likely to move from paid employment to solo self-employment and vice-versa,...