Investing financial capital is almost always risky, there is no safe investment, and any unplanned situation in the future, uncertainty or sudden events can mean risk. To assess risk and protect themselves from it, investors resort to probability distribution. From the above, the subject of the...

The central issue of this paper is analysis and resulting proposals to help unsophisticated pension participants achieve pension portfolios that match their level of risk aversion when there is a large amount of unexplained heterogeneity in risk aversion. Target date funds are commonly used as...

This study examines the hedging effectiveness of financial innovations against crude oil investment risks, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on the non-energy exchange traded funds (ETFs) as proxies for financial innovations given the potential positive correlation between...

Modern finance theory assumes that the stock market is efficient, and stock prices reflect all available information. However, behavioral finance theory argues that stock prices can be influenced by psychological and emotional factors. This study aims to examine the impact of behavioral finance...

This study proposes a structured product (SP) for hedging defined contribution pension fund members against capital market risk. Using Monte Carlo simulations on three different guaranteed returns to test the investment strategy of the SP against a balanced investment portfolio, we measure their...

The paper focuses on the impact of time horizon on risk and return, which usually is the object of discussions about “stock versus bond”. The aim of this paper is to investigate the transformation of risk and return when increasing the investment term, and to determine the impact of the...

Investors with taxable portfolios sometimes delay the sale of appreciated stock to defer capital gains taxes. While this strategy does help to reduce taxes, it can cause the portfolio to become more concentrated over time, leading to higher overall volatility and lower long-term returns. This...

Background: In making investment decisions, asset risk and return are two crucial criteria on which investors base their decision. Objectives: This paper provides risk and return analysis and compares different traditional and alternative investments with special emphasis on the COVID-19 crisis....

Digital currencies, including Bitcoins, Ethereum, and others, are an established alternative asset class opted by individual and institutional investors worldwide. However, this digital asset class carries several inherent risks. This study investigates the influence of three key risks,...

Scaling up private investment in Decentralised Renewable Energy (DRE) is crucial for achieving universal electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa. Tailored de-risking actions based on investors' risk perceptions can facilitate investment. However, current literature provides a fragmented...