While countries increasingly commit to pricing greenhouse gases directly through carbon taxes or emissions trading systems, indirect forms of carbon pricing-such as fuel excise taxes and fuel subsidy reforms-remain important factors affecting the mitigation incentives in an economy. Taken...

Following high-profile United Nations climate summits in Glasgow and Paris, sub-national regions and cities are increasingly seeking to set climate targets and policies in line with the Paris Agreement's goals. Downscaled carbon budgets are a useful framework for setting local mitigation targets...

Faced with the urgency of climate change mitigation, many governments around the world are considering and deploying different approaches to pricing greenhouse gas emissions. The efforts to put a price on carbon, aiming to reflect the social and environmental costs resulting from these...