Most manufacturing activities use inputs from the financial and business services sectors. But these services sectors also compete for resources with manufacturing activities, provoking concerns about de-industrialization-financial services in industrial countries like the United States and the...

This volume includes papers that were first presented and discussed at a workshop on 'The Fragmentation of Global Production and Trade in Value- Added: Developing New Measures of Cross Border Trade', held at the World Bank in Washington, DC, on 9 to 10 June, 2011. This publication is structured...

The algorithm for optimization of a credit portfolio has not been fully demonstrated. This paper fills the gap in the literature by presenting a general approach for optimizing a credit portfolio by minimizing the default risk of the entire portfolio. Default risk is measured with quadratic...

This paper applies social network analysis in two experiments. In the first experiment, social network analysis is conducted on student friendship networks to find relational patterns. Then, three community detection methods are used to divide the student network. The RSiena package is used to...

This study implements and tests a mathematical programming model to estimate interregional, interindustry transaction flows in a national system of economic regions based on an interregional accounting framework and initial information of interregional shipments. A national input-output (IO)...