This Annex, accompanying the study's Final Report, presents a comprehensive analysis of ecosystems. It is based on desk research and 103 interviews with different stakeholders, including EU policymakers, Member State representatives, business associations, SMEs, research organisations, and experts.

Open Strategic Autonomy (OSA) is a political concept that refers to the European Union's ability to act independently in strategically important areas while seeking multilateral cooperation when possible. Initially mentioned in European Council conclusions in December 2013, OSA gained prominence...