Recent PISA 2022 results show that a relatively large proportion of EU students underachieve in mathematics. While this outcome has been partially driven by Covid-19, one should not forget that the decline in student performance was already under way before the pandemic. Evidence indicates that...

In many EU countries the lack of qualified teachers is a persistent problem which has aggravated in recent years. While most EU Member States produce their own national teacher shortage indicators, these are based on different definitions and methodologies, which make their comparability...