Conservation payment schemes, typically spatially homogenous, are widely used to induce biodiversity-friendly land use. They can also address habitat fragmentation if a bonus is added to the homogenous base payment when conservation measures are implemented next to other conserved lands....

Climate change has become a key threat to biodiversity. As a response to climate change, species may adapt spatially (with range shifts) and temporally (with phenological adaptations), which may alter the impact of conservation measures. In cultural landscapes, where conservation often depends...