Cap-and-trade regulation is a strategy to reduce carbon emissions (CEs). During production, CEs are reduced by green technology. In a dual-channel supply chain (DCSC), customers try a product at an offline store but purchase it online (showrooming effect). Additionally, using internet...

With the development of the internet and the availability of smart phones, online shopping and the number of digital buyers have increased enormously under the present social context (COVID-19). The major pitfall of this marketing system is the random non-availability of/refusal by customers....