Several process parameters affect product reliability. Traditional reliability improvement methods primarily focus on maximizing product lifetime, often overlooking the variation in product lifetime. Manufacturers, however, aim to produce products with minimal variations in their performance....

Disruptive events like the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed supply chain vulnerabilities. This study focuses on dual sourcing as a resilient strategy and examines a stochastic, single-item, multi-echelon, multi-period, dual sourcing inventory system under backorders. In each echelon, the...