The study aimed to analyse the implementation of the Card pilot action in the eight participating Member States, and to assess the Card's usefulness and cost-effectiveness across countries. To this end, the study conducted both a review of the national Card systems and a cross-border analysis,...

Although household well-being is anchored in long-term average rates of consumption, welfare comparisons typically rely on shorter-duration survey measurements. This paper develops a new strategy to identify the distribution of these long-term rates by leveraging a large-scale randomization that...