Structural quantitative work in international economics typically models trade costs as a log-linear function of exogenous trade-policy variables. We propose a structural approach that allows for a nonparametric relationship and for treating tariff and nontariff trade-policy variables as...

This paper focuses on the effect of preferential trade agreements and their depth on firm ownership, in particular, along global value chains. It measures shareholder-affiliate ownership links at the country-sector-pair level to discern between vertical and horizontal links. The findings show...