Empirical evidence demonstrates that credit standards, including lending margins and collateral requirements, move in a countercyclical direction. In this study, we construct a small open economy model with financial frictions to generate the countercyclical movement in credit standards. Our...

We review post-Keynesian assessments of the macroeconomic demand and growth impacts of financialisation. First, we examine the channels of influence of financialisation on distribution and on the different components of private aggregate demand, i.e. investment, consumption and net exports....

This paper draws on a debate between Robert Skidelsky and Paul Krugman on the expansionary austerity hypothesis as a motivation to build a demand-driven agent-based model. The model features contagion across firms to explore whether fiscal consolidations may become expansionary due to a positive...

This paper develops a stock-flow consistent Post-Keynesian model in the Kalecki-Steindl tradition with endogenous wealth accumulation and distribution, which captures the key aspects of the Cambridge debate on (anti-)dual and Pasinetti equilibria. We find that a stable interior solution - that...

When a governmental crisis subsides, citizens are apt to wonder whether all the deficit spending is going to cost something. This situation is the subject of wildly differing views. Which view appears to be most nearly right? The Keynesian view that public debt serves to pull up employment, thus...

The paper investigates exchange rate cycles and their relationship to the business cycle in 7 major emerging market economies. We document the presence of periodic cycles in nominal US-dollar exchange rates and show that these are closely aligned with cycle frequencies in real output. Joint...

The world economy entered the third decade of this century with uncertainties and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic before it had fully recovered from the lingering aftereffects of the financial crisis. The financial crisis ended a period of overall global economic growth and price stability...

This paper estimates a demand-led model of macroeconomic growth and fluctuations in which the growth rate of the economy's supply side converges to the growth rate of demand. Convergence happens because labor supply and productivity growth respond to the degree of slack in the economy. Faster...

This paper studies two formal models of long run growth with a medium-run distributive cycle, both of which feature causal links from the rise in inequality to a deterioration of long run macroeconomic performance. Both versions feature an endogenous income-capital ratio: one through the...

As noted by Alan Greenspan in 2008, one key flaw in standard models is that they treat animal spirits as a simple 'add factor' rather than as a structural one. This paper evaluates the extent to which two recent approaches placing the emphasis on animal spirits - namely Farmer's...