Background Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a central component of the Sustainable Development Goals, and integrated healthcare is recognized as a key pathway to achieving UHC. China's healthcare reform, aimed at real- izing the "Healthy China 2035" goal, faces challenges in ensuring the...

Background Many countries has introduced pro-competition policies in the delivery of healthcare to improve medi- cal quality, including China. With the increasing intensity of competition in China's healthcare market, there are rising concerns among policymakers about the impact of hospital...