This study employs spatial econometric techniques to examine the heterogeneous effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on industrialization across China's four major regions - East, Central, West, and Northeast - using panel data from 31 provinces (1998-2016). Our findings reveal significant...

Here, we use an input distance function approach to determine the shadow price of carbon dioxide (CO2), technical efficiency and potential for emission reductions of the industrial sectors of China and Korea, and impact of carbon trading on costs. Data from 20 industries in the manufacturing...

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) initiated by China in 2013 is a new experiment in regional cooperation, which aims to improve infrastructure connectivity through investment. This paper investigates whether the BRI created exports for its member states (excluding China), based on a...

Many cities across Europe and Central Asia are experiencing the impacts of climate change, but most have not integrated climate adaptation into their agendas. This paper examines the threats faced and measures that can be taken by cities in the region to protect buildings, heritage sites,...

Under the influence of economic, technological and political factors, the oil market is prone to constant change, which requires analysis of its developmental trends. The purpose of this article is to do a comprehensive analysis of the impact of OPEC + countries on trade wars in the global oil...