The gold standard was a monetary system based on fixed exchange rates, whereby domestic prices were pegged to the international price level and a high level of control had to be exercised over the money supply. This meant that fiscal discipline also had to be maintained for a country to remain...

This study aims to investigate the economic characteristics of cryptocurrencies and assess the current legal framework regarding the potential to regulate transactions involving cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets. To achieve this goal, a complex set of general scientific and specialized...

This paper examines the question of what kind of money will govern the 21st century by examining the developments which characterise this landscape. On the basis of a review of the available literature and evidence, it is clear that certain technological innovations, such as the movement towards...

Computerization of social life enabled market participants to search for new forms of electronic payments. The share of cash in total payments is systematically decreasing, which poses the risk of being supplanted by other instruments, including cryptocurrencies. Central banks, therefore, faced...

This article analyses the Bank of England's (BoE) involvement in UK policy towards the European Monetary System (EMS) between 1979 and 1990. It outlines how scepticism about rigid monetarist approaches influenced the institution's stance towards the EMS. Despite internal disagreements, the BoE...

Aim: The aim of this paper is to describe the construction of a new system for digital currency governed by the central bank, Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Although the system uses cryptography, it is a new alternative for crypto currency like the Bitcoin. Today there is a global...

The purpose of this article is to evaluate if cryptocurrencies that have robust technology and anonymous features can be the money of the future. In this study, the transition phases of paper money, which started to be used at the beginning of the 17th century, to bank money, then banknotes and...

The financial channel of exchange rates operates through changes in risk-taking by investors and is reflected in the response of financial conditions to exchange rate movements. We show that stock returns also reflect the financial channel of exchange rates, with higher local currency stock...