Trade encourages economic expansion and improves welfare based on international division of labor. However, trade also has an environmental footprint, particularly in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other emissions. This paper examines the impact of environmental regulation in exporter and...

Foreign exchange (FX) trading volume is a key factor in exchange rate volatility. Given the important role of volatility in economic growth and stability, this paper investigates the dynamic nature of exchange trading volume on exchange rate volatility using hourly high-frequency data. The...

The business-to-consumer (B2C) online commerce landscape is changing rapidly, supported by the technological innovation. However, its diffusion remains concentrated in developed and large economies and is creating a digital divide that excludes small and medium-sized enterprises and people with...

Remittances from overseas can encourage human capital investment and improve educational outcomes in developing countries. Empirical studies, however, have shown mixed evidence at best. This paper uses a 5-year panel dataset that tracks the same 3,000 households and 8,000 individuals through...

Estimating regional integration faces challenges because of incomplete data from missing values and insufficient time spans. A key advantage of a dynamic factor model estimated using the Bayesian state-space approach is its ability to handle missing values and aggregation of the regional...

How well raising tax rates can succeed for an economy intent on increasing tax revenue and narrowing the tax-to-GDP-ratio gap with other economies depends on its ability to meet certain conditions. This paper investigates these conditions and demonstrates that expanding the tax base as a...

This study examines the effects of at-the-border and behind-the-border measures on the intraregional perishable goods trade in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation region by combining trade facilitation indicators at the bilateral product level with an extensive dataset of nontariff...