This study aims to resolve the difficult problem of manufacturers’ service outsourcing strategy decision-making, with services divided into two types: hygienic and motivational. We build a value creation model for the manufacturer, service contractor, and customer under different outsourcing...

The paper aims to analyze the effect of bank risk appetite on banks' default probabilities during the year of COVID-19 in 12 countries while controlling for bank-specific and country-specific effects over time. A System Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) model of default probabilities is...