We propose a new model in a Bayesian hierarchical framework to project mortality at both national and subnational levels based on sparse or missing data. The new model, which has a country-region-province structure, uses common factors to pool information at the national level and within regions...

Background: Health care systems in many countries are characterized by limited availability of provider performance data that can be used to design and implement welfare improving reforms in the health sector. We question whether a simple mystery shopper scheme can be an effective measure to...