We introduce an approach to formulate and solve the multi-class user equilibrium traffic assignment as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Compared to simulation approaches, the analytical MILP formulation makes the solution of network assignment problems more tractable. When...

The half-life is used to estimate the adjustment speed of a variable to a new equilibrium point after being affected by the impulse response of a unit of shocks. The paper examines the adjustment speed of COVID19, investor sentiment, and the stock market through half-life estimates over the...