Purpose - This study integrates economic, environmental, and social dimensions into the distribution network for India's Public Distribution System (PDS). It aims to identify multi-modal strategies that balance cost efficiency, lower emissions, and community well-being....

The increased frequency of purchases and growing distances between the final distribution points of the perishable products and consumers are contributing to multiple handling, high intermediation, and a greater concentration of outlets selling perishables goods. These in turn have increased...